高中英语语法归纳总结（一）
一、定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who（宾格whom），所有格whose）和关系副词 where when why 等，关系代词或关系副词在定语从句中充当一个成分，关系代词that，which,who,whom等在从句中分别作主语或宾语，whose在从句中作定语，而关系副词when,where,why等在从句中作状语。 如：
①I will never forget the days when/in which we worked together.
②I will never forget the days which/that we spent together.
解析：在句①中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是状语，所以用关系副词when来代指，引导定语从句修饰先行词the days；
而在句②中，表示时间的名词the days在从句中充当的是动词spent的宾语，所以用关系代词that或which来代指。
同样，表示地点或原因的名词如果在从句中作状语，则用关系副词where 或why来代指；如果在从句中作动词的宾语，则用which或that来代替。 如：
①This is the factory where/in which I worked.（作状语）
②This is the factory that/which I visited years ago.（作宾语）
注：当先行词为time,reason, place时，引导词可以省略。如：
①This was the first (when/what) I had serious trouble with my boss.
②That is the reason (why) I did it.
③This is the place (where) we met yesterday.
另外，定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词的数相一致。如：
①Mr. Jackson is the only foreigner that is present at the party.
②He is one of the students who were praised by the teacher.
解析：在句①中，先行词foreigner被only修饰，强调只有一个，所以从句中谓语动词用单数形式，而在句②中，who引导的定语从句修饰先行词the students，为复数，所以从句谓语动词应为复数。
二 名词性从句中的易错点
（一）that引导的定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系，“……的名词”，而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表示事实或概念的抽象名词，如：
fact,news,belief,truth,reply等。
That在定语从句中必须作成分，可用which或who/whom代替，而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。如：
①Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.
②Do you still remember the chicken farm that we visited three months ago.
解析：在句①中，that引导同位语从句解释说明promise的内容，that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，而在句②中，that在其引导的定语从句中作动词visited的宾语，对先行词the chicken farm起修饰作用。
（二）名词性从句中，关于it作形式主语和形式宾语的易错点
1) 名词性从句作主语或宾语时，为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语或形式宾语。如：
It’s a pity that he don’t come to give a speech.（形式主语）
We think it possible that you can finish the job today.（形式宾语）
2）谓语动词 appreciate, dislike, hate, like, love,
make等接由if或when 引导的宾语从句时往往在从句前加上形式宾语it. 例如：
I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party.
3）动词hare, take, hide, punish, put等,后接由that 引导的病因从句式，往往在从句前加形式宾语it. 例如：
①I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.
②we punished it that we had finished the project ahead of time.
4）短语动词answer for, count on depend on, insist on,
see to等后接有that引导的宾语从句时，必须冠以形式宾语it. 例如：① I’m counting on it that you will come. ② She’ll see to it that he goes ahead. 注：作形式主语和形式宾语时只能用it.
三、代词it、one、that的用法与区别
One泛指，指代前面提到的那类人或物，用于指代可数名词，相当于a+名词单数，其复数形式ones前一般要有定语，否则就要用some.
That（those复数）即可指代不可数名词，表特指，相当于the+名词，后面经常与介词修饰语连用。
It指代上文出现的名词，表示同类同物，另外还可表示时间、距离、天气、还可指代人称代词，表示性别身份不明，可作形式主语，形式宾语，引导强调句式以及一些固定搭配，如：get it, catch it, make it.
例如：
①I have lost my watch. I think I must buy one.我丢了只表，我想我必须再买一只。（代指上文指到的同类事物，但不指同一个）
②Where is my pen? Have you seen it?
我的钢笔不知弄到哪去了，你见了吗？（代指上文提到的同一事物）
③The land of China is larger than that of America.
④Tome has a red pen and a blue one （或two blue ones）
⑤He has no child, and he wants toadopt one （或 some）
